HDL is low and associated with increased cardiovascular risk when below:

HDL is low and associated with increased cardiovascular risk when below:

• A. <1.0 mmol/L
• B. <0.9 mmol/L
• C. <1.2 mmol/L
• D. <0.8 mmol/L

Answer: (A)

HDL cholesterol is the “good” cholesterol because it helps remove cholesterol from arteries and has anti-inflammatory effects. When HDL is low, this protective process is weaker, which means more cholesterol can accumulate in arterial walls, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. The threshold commonly used to flag low HDL in this context is below 1.0 mmol/L. Values at or above that level are not considered low enough to elevate risk in the same way, while much lower numbers (such as 0.8) indicate very low HDL but the standard cut-off used for defining low HDL risk in this question is 1.0. So, the situation described as HDL being low with increased cardiovascular risk corresponds to HDL below 1.0 mmol/L.

HDL cholesterol is the “good” cholesterol because it helps remove cholesterol from arteries and has anti-inflammatory effects. When HDL is low, this protective process is weaker, which means more cholesterol can accumulate in arterial walls, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events.

The threshold commonly used to flag low HDL in this context is below 1.0 mmol/L. Values at or above that level are not considered low enough to elevate risk in the same way, while much lower numbers (such as 0.8) indicate very low HDL but the standard cut-off used for defining low HDL risk in this question is 1.0. So, the situation described as HDL being low with increased cardiovascular risk corresponds to HDL below 1.0 mmol/L.